Profiled cellular article

ABSTRACT

A flexible polyvinyl chloride foam member is provided with a permanent profile or shape by use of compressive pressure and radio frequency heating. The resulting article has a higher concentration of smaller foam cells in a portion of higher density than in a portion of lower density.

United States Patent ['61 Pearsall [1;] 3,766,669 [4 1 Oct. 23, 1973 PROFILEDCELLULAR ARTICLE V V [75] Inventor: Ralph E. Pearsall, Gloucester,

[21] Appl. No.: 103,789

Related [1.8. Application Data [62] Division of Ser. No. 851,796, Aug. 21, 1969, Pat. No.

2,410,019 Davis 36/28 2,694,871 11/1954 Ro11man.... 36/32 R X 2,940,187 6/1960 Mitchell 36/43 3,091,042 5/1963 Gilkerson 36/43 X 3,143,812 11/1964 Bittner 36/44 3,363,343 1/1968 Bourassa et a1 36/32 R FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 865,645 3/1941 France 36/44 457,717 3/1928 Germany 36/44 Primary Examiner-Alfred R. Guest AttorneyW. Bigelow Hall et a1.

[52] US. CL... 36/43, 36/28, 36/30 R I [51] Int. Cl. A43b 13/38 57 ABSTRACT [58] Field of Search 36/44, 43, 28, 32 R l 1 A flexible polyvinyl chloride foam member 18 provided [56] References Cited vvith a permanerzit pzpfili or shape lIpy pse oigompres- UNITED STATES PATENTS. srve pressure an ra 1o requency ea mg. e resu mg article has a higher concentration of smaller foam 1,137,092 4/1915 Sharp 36/43 X cells in a portion f higher density than in a portion f 2,008,207 7/1935 Greenberg 36/43 X lower density 2,099,418 11/1937 Bradley et al.. 36/32 R X 2,374,487 4/1945 Jayne 36/32 R 2,383,122 8/1945 Ghez et a1 36/32 R 2 Claims, 17 Drawing Figures 1 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Radio Frequcn Cy Gen em tor FL AKWL \a'n VIIIIIII/IIIIIIIIIIIIIII/lll Radio Frequency 6 enera zu r Patented Oct.23, 1973 f I 3,766,669

' 2 Sheets-Sheet 3 WWW/Wm 1 PROFILED CELLULAR ARTICLE The present application is a division of my US. Pat. application Ser. No. 851,796 filed Aug. 21, 1969 now U. S. Pat. No. 3,591,882 issued July 13, I971.

The present invention relates to flexible synthetic polymer cellular or foam materials and particularly to a method for profiling or shaping the same.

Introducing a defined or predetermined profile of a permanent nature into a block or member of flexible, thermoplastic synthetic polymeric cellular or foam material in such a way that the member'retains a foam or cellular nature, is a desired expedient. Various products such as cushions, cushion insoles and other foot supports as well as pads and cushion padding for garment, automotive and many other end uses may be produced in this manner. In addition to providing the member with the desired profile or shape, the cellular member may be provided with predetermined cushioning capacities or properties which may have different magnitudes within a single member. This latter is particularly desirable in members, such as cushioning members, where it may be anticipated that a portion or portions of the same will be subjected to a greater impact or compression force than the remainder. A comparable increase in cushioning capacity, or foam density in that portion or portions of the member will then more effectively absorb or cushion the impact, and serve to distribute the force of the impact better or more evenly throughout the member.

Profiling 'or shaping of members of the type describe has generally involved a process in which the members are compressed into the desired profile and then heated to temperatures sufficiently high to melt or orient the polymeric materials, followed by cooling to set the profile or shape introduced; both the heating and cooling being carried out while the member is maintained in the compressed condition. Care must be taken in heating the members to avoid completely collapsing the members or collapsing them to the extent that they lose their foam or cellular nature.

One of the heating methods prescribed has been the radio frequency type. In many respects that technique seems particularly appropriate because heat penetrates quickly into interior portions of a polymer foam body. The strongly non-'heat-conductive quality of such a body, makes it resistant to being heated to a uniform temperature throughout using other types of heating, particularly those which rely for heat transfer on heat conductivity.

Despite the advantages obtained from using radio frequency type of heating certain shortcomings persist. One such shortcoming is difficulty providing a permanent set to the introduced profile or shape while at the same time avoiding over heating which would result in collapse and loss of the cellular structure. Various expedients have been practiced in attempts to overcome this situation. One has been to coat or deposit a thermoplastic resinous material on the cell walls. This added material is chosen to have a lower melting point than does the material constituting the foam, and acts either as an adhesive material which serves to adhere the then constricted cell walls together, or as a restraining material which effects the same end by setting or stiffening the cell walls in the constricted or deformed position introduced as a result of shaping pressure or compression applied to the foam or cellular body. Another expedient has been to included in the foam or such as water, alcohol, etc. which are more resistant to radio frequency emissions than the "polymer material constituting the foam or cellular structure, to localize the heat generated by radio frequency electrical field throughout the foam or cellular body at the particular locations of the polymer foam structures within the body; Including any of the indicated materials into the foam is a definite disadvantage.

It is an object of this invention to provide an improved method or process for profiling or shaping cellular or foam members of thermoplastic synthetic polymeric material.

It is another object of the invention to provide a process or method as above which does not require added materials in order to obtain profiling or shaping which may be permanently set in the cellular or foam member.

It is another object of the invention to produce a profiled foam member as indicated which retain a foam or cellular structure.

These and other objects of the invention are attained in a process or method for producing a profiled cellular article. The process involves a number of steps. The first is that of compressing a flexible, open cell, coherent body or member comprised of polyvinyl chloride material to a predetermined profile or cross-sectional dimension. Then while the body is maintained compressed it is first subjected to a field of radio frequency electrical energy and then is cooled or allowed to cool sufficiently for the introduced profile or shape to become set in the body or member.

The following drawings are included for the purpose of illustrating the invention in which:

FIG. 1 is an end elevation of an open-cell flexible polyvinyl chloride insole blank;

' FIG. 2 is a partial section taken along the lines Illl of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a plan view, in section, of a bottom half of a profiling mold;

FIG. 4 is a side elevation, generally schematic and partly in section showing a radio frequency heating press, preparatory to'carrying out a profiling operation;

FIG. 5 is a view corresponding to-that of FIGS, showing the heating press during the profiling operation;

FIG. 6 is a longitudinal vertical section of a cushion insole produced by profiling in the press shown in FIGS. 3 and 5;

FIG. 7 is a partial section taken along the lines VII- VII of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a vertical section through an insole blank constituted of two unattached pieces of flexible opencell polyvinyl chloride;

FIG. 9 is a vertical section through an insole produced from the blank shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a vertical section through an insole blank of flexible, open-cell polyvinyl chloride;

FIG. 11 is a vertical section through an insole produced from the blank shown in FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is a vertical section through an insole blank of flexible, open cell polyvinyl chloride including an insert of material effectively resistant to change of state when subjected to radio frequency electrical heating;

FIG. 13 is a vertical section through an insole produced from the blank shown in FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a vertical section through an insole blank of flexible open cell polyvinyl chloride assembled on an insole bottom sheet;

FIG. 15 is a vertical section through an insole produced from the assembly shown in FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 is a vertical section through an insole blank of flexible open-cell polyvinyl chloride assembled in interposed relationship with an insole bottom sheet and an insole top sheet; and

FIG. 17 is a vertical section through an insole produced from the assembly shown in FIG. 16.

The present invention utilizes as blanks, blocks or other starting members, those which are produced from flexible, open-cell polyvinyl chloride. The polyvinyl chloride material used may be either a homopolymer or a copolymer such as those produced by copolymerizing vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate. In the case of the homopolymer, and copolymers, the latter in possibly lesser extent quantitatively, flexibility results from the introduction into the resin of a plasticizer such as dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, butylbenzylphthalate, dioctyl adipate, and the like. Flexibility in the copolymer material may be obtained as a result of internal plasticization, the choice in type and amount of comonomer determining this, and by external plasticizers such as the dioctyl phthalate used in conjunction with the same. In this regard, polyvinyl chloride materials including 20 to 60 parts by weight of plasticizer, such as dioctyl phthalate based on 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl chloride polymer have sufficient flexibility for conveniently practicing the present invention.

The blanks may be produced from the polyvinyl chloride resin in the open cell form by chemical, mechanical or a combination of those techniques. Chemical techniques involve the use of blowing agents. The resin including the latter is heated to a temperature above the gasification or boiling point of the blowing agent, depending on which type is chosen and after being allowed to expand in fluid form or while gelling in the case of plastisols the mass is then allowed to cool. Generally, a free blow is practiced and the blank or block which is to serve as the starting member is cut out of the then cooled, solidified, foam mass. The blank may be blown directly in a mold, but this is the less convenient technique of the two. Either way the conditions and constituents, the latter having particular reference to molecular weight of the polyvinyl chloride polymer used, choice of plasticizer, and blowing or foaming agent may be varied to produce a foam or cellular material of the desired cell structure. Mechanical techniques involve punching or leaching to remove a certain amount of the mass at selected intervals and thereby introduce an open cell structure into an otherwise solid body or a closed cell body, or an open cell body in which more open cell porosity is desired. In the latter two instances needling may also be used to increase open porosity. The most convenient procedure is to produce the starting blank using the chemical blowing technique.

It is also preferred to use starting blanks which have at least a high incidence of open porosity. This allows for the production of final products in a wide range of foam densities, cushioning qualities, and porosities, the latter being important where vapor or liquid transmission by the final product, such as insoles, is a desirable attribute. Starting blanks having foam densities of 2 to 10 pounds per cubic foot operate well in this respect,

with a further preference directed to blanks having foam densities ranging 4 to 6 pounds per cubic foot.

The present invention uses radio frequency heating to facilitate profiling of a permanent nature in or on flexible polyvinyl chloride foam blanks or members. Frequencies which operate for this purpose may range from about 10 MH to 200 MH with a preferred range being about 25 MH to 120 MH Power wattages ranging from 1 kw. to kw. with a preferred range being about 1 to 25 kw are acceptable. Specific choices within the above ranges of frequency and wattage relate to the size electrodes used, and that of the work piece, blank or member to be profiled. In this latter regard the material and construction of the mold used, are considerations. The voltage, between electrodes is maintained as high as is possible without causing breakdown of material taking place. This has reference to the dielectric strength of the material, which is the amount of voltage a material can withstand before breaking down, Generally, the narrower the gap between electrodes, the less the time required for heating.

The time required for exposure to radio frequency is dependent upon the frequency, wattage, and voltage used. Generally periods may range about 2 to 60 seconds. Based on the preferred ranges indicated above, heating periods of 5 to 10 seconds suffice. The cooling period which may also be referred to as dwell, sufficient time for the latter may range 0-10 seconds. The extremely short duration of both the heating and cooling times is an indication of the efficiency obtained from using the radio frequency heating.

FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a starting block or blank 10 of flexible, open-cell polyvinyl chloride material. As shown particularly at FIG. 2, a significant proportion of cells 12 are intercommunicating or intercellular in nature, which pass completely, if randonly, through blank 10.

The block 10, which has previously been provided an outline shape of an insole, is introduced into the correspondingly shaped cavity 16 of a mold bottom half 18. The mold is shown constituted of wood or similar material and also includes a cavity lining 20 of silicone rubber, see in this regard FIG. 3. a

As shown in FIG. 4, the mold bottom half 18 carrying the lock 10 is located within a radio frequency heated press 30, which includes a movable top plate or electrode 32 and a bottom plate or electrode 34. Both of plates 32 and 34 are connected to a high-frequency generator. The mold bottom half 18 together with the mold top half 36, which includes a mold cover 37 and a dependent shaping or profiing portion 38, the latter fitted to the cavity 16, are positioned on the bottom plate 34. The mold cover 37 is shown constituted of wood, while the shaping portion 38 is constituted of silicone rubber or similar material.

With closing or lowering of the top plate 32, the mold top half 36 is similarly closed down into the mold bottom half 18, forcing the profiling or shaping mold portion 38 down on the block 10, introducing, or compressing the predetermined or desired profile shape into the block 10. See in this regard FIG. 5. The highfrequency generator is then actuated to provide a radio frequency electrical field to which the block 10 is exposed. For illustrative purposes the radio frequency heated press 30 may be considered to be a 15 kw. unit having a 7.0 kw. output because of efficiency drop off. The frequency may be 60 MH and. Under those conditions the .block 10, while compressed into the desired profile by force applied through the shaping portion 38, may be exposed to the field for a heat time of 5 seconds. At that point the poweris cut off followed by a dwell time of zero second, the top plate 32 is lifted and the mold assembly unloaded. When the mold assembly is opened, a permanently profiled insole unit a, as shown in FIG. 6 is'obtained. As shown specifically at FIG. 7, the cells 12a are of smaller size than when previously shown as 12 in FIG. 2. Nevertheless an opencell structure is retained, giving an insole unit 10a having desirable vapor transmission properties, as well as increased foam density or cell concentration, and comparable increase in cushioning properties. This is increasingly so in concave shaped portions such as the heel portion 40 and the metatarsal arch portion 42 where this is particularly desirable.

The invention is also adapted to utilize more than a single starting block, in providing a profiled insole unit. The embodiment shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate this. In the first of those figures a pair of flexible open cell polyvinyl chloride blocks 44 and 46 are stacked together across an interface 47. After being exposed to a radio frequency electrical field in the manner previously described, the result obtained is the insole unit 48 shown in FIG. 9. The -insole unit 48 constitutes the blocks 44a and 46a, profiled and partially welded together into a single unit across the interface 47a. Separation of the blocks 44a and 46a at interface 47a is accomplished only by tearing of the polyvinyl chloride material.

The embodiment illustrated at FIGS. 10 and 11 is intended to show a variation of the invention by which to obtain proportionately increased foam density in a predetermined area or portion of an insole unit. The starting block 50 shown in FIG. 10 is of greater thickness, and similarly includes more polyvinyl chloride material at the heel portion 52 than the forepart portion 54. When the block 50 is subjected to a radio frequency electrical field in the manner previously described, a permanently profiled insole unit 56 as shown in FIG. 11, is obtained, having proportionately greater foam density, and resultingly greater cushioning properties, in the heel portion 52a than at the forepart54a. The increase in cushioning properties may be obtained at that portion while at the same time retaining vapor transmission capability. Variations may be practiced relative to this embodiment of the invention by locating increased foam thicknesses elsewhere on the starting block, singly or plurally and by'varying-thickness of same as desired. The increased thickness portions may be integral with the block as shown in FIG. 10 or it may be effected by a separate piece or pieces assembled for that purpose. Reference in this regard may be made to FIGS. 8 and 10 viewed together.

Another embodiment of the invention is illustrated at FIGS. 12 and 13. There starting block 60 of "flexible open cell polyvinyl chloride is provided at the heel portion 62 with a slot 64 into which an insert member 66 is fitted. The insert member 66 is constituted of material which is effectively resistant to change of state when subjected to radio frequency electrical field. Materials such as polyurethane foam or foam rubber may be used for this purpose. The insert member 66 may serve as an effective thickness gauge operating to control the effective cavity depth of the mold used, and similarly the thickness of the insole unit 68 obtained'as a result of the radio frequency heating, see FIG. 13. Note in this regard that the insert member 660 is of essentially the same thickness as 66 in the starting block 60. It is possible to include inserts of. various sizes, shapes, thicknesses, numbers and at different locations with respect to a given starting block, and resulting insole unit, both for the purposes indicated above, and other purposes as well. Other materials may include those which are responsive to radio frequency electrical fields. In this regard inserts of responsive materials may be included to provide adhesive sites whichwould facilitate lamination with other materials and parts, size and style indicia, etc. based on their being inscribed while in a molten condition, etc.

Another embodiment of the invention is illustrated with respect to FIGS. 14 and 15. In this, an insole blank or starting member 70 of flexible open cell polyvinyl chloride is assembled superimposed on a bottom member 72 constituting a resin impregnated cellulosic member, such as Texon sheet, or the like. As a result of compressing and treating with radio frequency heating, as previously described, a permanently profiled insole unit 74, as shown in FIG. 15 obtained. The insole unit 74 includes the profiled top, lamina 70a which remains flexible, open-cell polyvinyl chloride, and is strongly attached to the lower sheet or lamina 72a.

Still another embodiment of the invention is shown with respect to FIGS. 16 and 17. In the first of those a blank of flexible open-cell, polyvinyl chloride 80 is assembled in interposed relationship with a top sheet 82 of thermoplastic synthetic polymeric material, and a bottom member 84 of resin impregnated sheet material. All three parts generally have a planar shape corresponding to that of an insole. Top sheet 82 is preferably one which has porosity to allow for vapor transmission. Examples of such materials, which are flexible in nature include crushed, blown polyvinyl chloride sheet, sprayed-on'open pore flexible, resin coatings, etc.

. The profiled insole unit 86, which is obtained as a result of radio frequency heating under compression conditions as previously described, is constituted of three laminae 80a, 82a and 84a, all of which are well attached one to the other. The unit 86 exhibits vapor transmission properties throughout. This is'extremely desirable in insoles, for contributing greatly to wearer comfort. I

It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the. preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above process and in the products set forth without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained, in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawing shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the 

2. An insole as in claim 1 wherein the portion having the smaller cells has a higher cell concentration and a higher density than the adjacent portion. 